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An SSH key is a form of authentication in the SSH protocol. It is similar to a password, but allows for authentication without entering in a password or any manual input. SSH keys generally speaking are more secure, and convenient than password authentication.
Command Line
If you currently have access to SSH on your server, you can generate SSH keys on the command line using the
ssh-keygen
utility which is installed by default on our servers. Run it on your server with no options, or arguments to generate a 2048-bit RSA key pair (which is plenty secure).- All Mac and Linux systems include a command called ssh-keygen that will generate a new key pair. If you're using Windows, you can generate the keys on your server. Just remember to copy your keys to your laptop and delete your private key from the server after you've generated it. To generate an SSH key pair, run the command ssh-keygen.
- Generating Your SSH Public Key Many Git servers authenticate using SSH public keys. In order to provide a public key, each user in your system must generate one if they don’t already have one.
You will be prompted to select a file for the key pair. The default directory for SSH keys is
~/.ssh
with the private key named id_rsa
and the public key named id_rsa.pub
. By using the default file names, the SSH client will be able to automatically locate the keys during authentication so it is strongly recommended to not change them. You can use the default by pressing the Enter key.From Bitbucket, choose Bitbucket settings from your avatar in the lower left. The Account settings page opens. Click SSH keys. If you've already added keys, you'll see them on this page. Open your.ssh/idrsa.pub file (or whatever you named the public key file) and copy its contents. You may see an email address on the last line. By default, the key pair uses RSA which is a cryptographic algorithm to generate the keys. But there are other popular algorithms as well, such as DSA and ECDSA. Ssh-keygen Command Line Options. Ssh-keygen is used to generate keys and it provides a number of options to ease the key pair management, tighten the security and increase the flexibility. Jul 29, 2019 Learn how to set up a secure connection to a remote host by generating SSH Keys on Ubuntu 18.04. An SSH Key is a secure method of logging into your server! Access to a terminal window / command line (Ctrl-Alt-T). The ssh-keygen command creates a 2048-bit RSA key pair. For extra security, use RSA4096.
If
/home/USER/.ssh/id_rsa
or a key of the name you chose already exists, you will be prompted to overwrite the keys. If you do overwrite the existing keys, you will not be able to use them to authenticate anymore.After you have selected the file for the key pair, you be will be prompted to enter a passphrase to encrypt private key file. Encrypting the private key with a passphrase is optional, but it will improve security the keys. If you enter a passphrase you will have to provide each it time you use the key. You can press the Enter key to not use a passphrase; we strongly recommend the use of a passphrase with SSH keys.
A public and private key will now be generated.
WHM
You can generate SSH key pairs for
root
in WHM >> Home Security Center >> Manage root's SSH Keys. Click Generate a New Key to get started.
There are several fields on this page: Key Name, Key Password, Key Type, and Key Size.
The default Key Name is
id_rsa
. Keys are generated in /root/.ssh/
so the default key name would create a private key in /root/.ssh/id_rsa
, and a public key in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
. Using the default name will allow SSH clients to automatically locate the keys so it is strongly recommend you use the default name (simply leave the field blank or fill it with id_rsa
).Generate Ssh Keys Command Line Tutorial
The Key Password encrypts the private key file using a password to add an extra layer of security. The password must be provided each time the key is used for authentication to decrypt the private key. The Password Strength field indicates how strong your password is. 0 indicates a very weak password, and 100 indicates a very strong password. Click Password Generator to have a strong password generated for you.
Key Type and Key Size are RSA and 2048 by default, and are secure enough for most purposes so these can be left alone.
Click Generate Key to generate the SSH key pair. WHM will then display the location of the key.
PuTTY
PuTTY is an open Windows SSH client. You will need to have the PuTTYgen utility installed to generate an SSH key pair. PuTTYgen is included in Windows installer on the Download PuTTY site, but you can download it separately if you installed PuTTY without its extra utilities. See Connect using Putty to a Linux Server to learn more about PuTTY.
Open PuTTYgen.
The Parameters at the bottom can be adjusted to affect how secure the key is, but the default options are plenty secure for most purposes.
If you're satisfied with the parameters, click Generate in Actions to generate the key pair.
You may be asked to 'generate some randomness by moving the mouse over the blank area' to generate the key. The randomness is used to generate your keys securely, and make it difficult to reproduce them.
Once the key is generated, you will see the public key in PuTTYgen.
The Key passphrase field sets a password used to decrypt the private the key. This field is optional, and the private key will not be encrypted if it is omitted.Using a passphrase increases the security of your SSH keys, and we strongly recommend setting one.
Be sure to save both the public and private keys on your local machine so they can be used by PuTTY for authentication in the future by clicking the Save public key and Save private key buttons.
If you don't use a passphrase, it will prompt you to confirm before allowing you to save the private key. The private key will be saved as a
.ppk
file. The public key isn't given an extension by default, but .pub
is a common extension for public key files. It can be saved as a .txt
file as well as the public key file only stores the public key in plain text.Command Line
If you currently have access to SSH on your server, you can upload the key over the command line.
Retrieve the contents of the public key. If the key was created in the default location, this can be done by outputting the contents of
~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
.The output will look similar to the following:
Open the (and create if it doesn't exist)
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
file using a text editor such as nano
, pico
, or vim
.If you had to create the
~/.ssh/
directory, or the authorized_keys
file, you need to verify the permissions are correct, or you won't be able to login.Paste the public key at the bottom of the file, and then save and close the file.
Alternatively, you can append the public key to
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
with a single command.You can use the
cat
command if the public key is stored in a file.If the public key is not stored as a file on the server, you can use the
echo
command.Be sure to include the entire public key in quotes after
echo
.Once the public key is added to the
authorized_keys
file, you should be able to login using your SSH keys.WHM
You can import an existing SSH key for
root
in WHM >> Home Security Center >> Manage root's SSH Keys. Click Import Key.
The next page has a few fields to fill in.
You need to name the SSH key in the Choose a name for this key field. The default key name is
id_rsa
. Using the default name will allow SSH clients to automatically locate the keys so it is strongly recommend you use the default name (simply leave the field blank or fill it with id_rsa
).If you are importing a PPK (PuTTYgen key) file, enter its password (if applicable) in the Private key passphrase text box.
Paste the public key into the appropriate box, but do not paste the private key into the box; private keys should always remain on the servers that generated them.
Click Import.
WHM will display the name of the keys imported, and you should now be able to authenticate over SSH using the key.
The default name for SSH key pairs is
id_rsa
, and that name will allow an SSH client to locate the key automatically. When an SSH key pair doesn't use the default name, you will need to specify the name of key used.Azure Repos | Azure DevOps Server 2019 | TFS 2018 | TFS 2017 | TFS 2015 Update 3
Connect to your Git repos through SSH on macOS, Linux, or Windows to securely connect using HTTPS authentication. On Windows, we recommended the use of Git Credential Managers or Personal Access Tokens.
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Important
SSH URLs have changed, but old SSH URLs will continue to work. If you have already set up SSH, you should update your remote URLs to the new format:
- Verify which remotes are using SSH by running
git remote -v
in your Git client. - Visit your repository on the web and select the Clone button in the upper right.
- Select SSH and copy the new SSH URL.
- In your Git client, run:
git remote set-url <remote name, e.g. origin> <new SSH URL>
. Alternatively, in Visual Studio, go to Repository Settings, and edit your remotes.
Note
As of Visual Studio 2017, SSH can be used to connect to Git repos.
How SSH key authentication works
SSH public key authentication works with an asymmetric pair of generated encryption keys. The public key is shared with Azure DevOps and used to verify the initial ssh connection. The private key is kept safe and secure on your system.
Set up SSH key authentication
The following steps cover configuration of SSH key authentication on the following platforms:
- Linux
- macOS running at least Leopard (10.5)
- Windows systems running Git for Windows
Configure SSH using the command line.
bash
is the common shell on Linux and macOS and the Git for Windows installation adds a shortcut to Git Bash in the Start menu.Other shell environments will work, but are not covered in this article.Step 1: Create your SSH keys
Note
If you have already created SSH keys on your system, skip this step and go to configuring SSH keys.
The commands here will let you create new default SSH keys, overwriting existing default keys. Before continuing, check your
~/.ssh
folder (for example, /home/jamal/.ssh or C:Usersjamal.ssh) and look for the following files:- id_rsa
- id_rsa.pub
If these files exist, then you have already created SSH keys. You can overwrite the keys with the following commands, or skip this step and go to configuring SSH keys to reuse these keys.
Create your SSH keys with the
ssh-keygen
command from the bash
prompt. This command will create a 2048-bit RSA key for use with SSH. You can give a passphrasefor your private key when prompted—this passphrase provides another layer of security for your private key.If you give a passphrase, be sure to configure the SSH agent to cache your passphrase so you don't have to enter it every time you connect.This command produces the two keys needed for SSH authentication: your private key ( id_rsa ) and the public key ( id_rsa.pub ). It is important to never share the contents of your private key. If the private key iscompromised, attackers can use it to trick servers into thinking the connection is coming from you.
Step 2: Add the public key to Azure DevOps Services/TFS
Associate the public key generated in the previous step with your user ID.
- Open your security settings by browsing to the web portal and selecting your avatar in the upper right of theuser interface. Select Security in the menu that appears.
- Select SSH public keys, and then select + New Key.
- Copy the contents of the public key (for example, id_rsa.pub) that you generated into the Public Key Data field.ImportantAvoid adding whitespace or new lines into the Key Data field, as they can cause Azure DevOps Services to use an invalid public key. When pasting in the key, a newline often is added at the end. Be sure to remove this newline if it occurs.
- Give the key a useful description (this description will be displayed on the SSH public keys page for your profile) so that you can remember it later. Select Save to store the public key. Once saved, you cannot change the key. You can delete the key or create a new entry for another key. There are no restrictions on how many keys you can add to your user profile.
Step 3: Clone the Git repository with SSH
Note
To connect with SSH from an existing cloned repo, see updating your remotes to SSH.
- Copy the SSH clone URL from the web portal. In this example, the SSL clone URL is for a repo in an organization named fabrikam-fiber, as indicated by the first part of the URL after
dev.azure.com
.NoteProject URLs have changed with the release of Azure DevOps Services and now have the formatdev.azure.com/{your organization}/{your project}
, but you can still use the existingvisualstudio.com
format. For more information, see VSTS is now Azure DevOps Services. - Run
git clone
from the command prompt.
SSH may display the server's SSH fingerprint and ask you to verify it.
For cloud-hosted Azure DevOps Services, where clone URLs contain either
ssh.dev.azure.com
or vs-ssh.visualstudio.com
, the fingerprint should match one of the following formats:- MD5:
97:70:33:82:fd:29:3a:73:39:af:6a:07:ad:f8:80:49
(RSA) - SHA256:
SHA256:ohD8VZEXGWo6Ez8GSEJQ9WpafgLFsOfLOtGGQCQo6Og
(RSA)These fingerprints are also listed in the SSH public keys page.
For self-hosted instances of Azure DevOps Server, you should verify that the displayed fingerprint matches one of the fingerprints in the SSH public keys page.
SSH displays this fingerprint when it connects to an unknown host to protect you from man-in-the-middle attacks.Once you accept the host's fingerprint, SSH will not prompt you again unless the fingerprint changes.
When you are asked if you want to continue connecting, type
yes
. Git will clone the repo and set up the origin
remote to connect with SSH for future Git commands.Tip
Avoid trouble: Windows users will need to run a command to have Git reuse their SSH key passphrase.
Questions and troubleshooting
Q: After running git clone, I get the following error. What should I do?
Host key verification failed.fatal: Could not read from remote repository.
A: Manually record the SSH key by running:
ssh-keyscan -t rsa domain.com >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts
Q: How can I have Git remember the passphrase for my key on Windows?
A: Run the following command included in Git for Windows to start up the
ssh-agent
process in Powershell or the Windows Command Prompt. ssh-agent
will cacheyour passphrase so you don't have to provide it every time you connect to your repo.If you're using the Bash shell (including Git Bash), start ssh-agent with:
Q: I use PuTTY as my SSH client and generated my keys with PuTTYgen. Can I use these keys with Azure DevOps Services?
A: Yes. Load the private key with PuTTYgen, go to Conversions menu and select Export OpenSSH key.Save the private key file and then follow the steps to set up non-default keys.Copy your public key directly from the PuTTYgen window and paste into the Key Data field in your security settings.
Q: How can I verify that the public key I uploaded is the same key as I have locally?
A: You can verify the fingerprint of the public key uploaded with the one displayed in your profile through the following
ssh-keygen
command run against your public key usingthe bash
command line. You will need to change the path and the public key filename if you are not using the defaults.You can then compare the MD5 signature to the one in your profile. This check is useful if you have connection problems or have concerns about incorrectlypasting in the public key into the Key Data field when adding the key to Azure DevOps Services.
Q: How can I start using SSH in a repository where I am currently using HTTPS?
A: You'll need to update the
origin
remote in Git to change over from a HTTPS to SSH URL. Once you have the SSH clone URL, run the following command:You can now run any Git command that connects to
origin
.Q: I'm using Git LFS with Azure DevOps Services and I get errors when pulling files tracked by Git LFS.
A: Azure DevOps Services currently doesn't support LFS over SSH. Use HTTPS to connect to repos with Git LFS tracked files.
Q: How can I use a non default key location, i.e. not ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub?
A: To use keys created with
ssh-keygen
in a different place than the default, you do two things:Command To Generate Ssh Key
- The keys must be in a folder that only you can read or edit. If the folder has wider permissions, SSH will not use the keys.
- You must let SSH know the location of the keys. You make SSH aware of keys through the
ssh-add
command, providing the full path to the private key.
On Windows, before running
ssh-add
, you will need to run the following command from included in Git for Windows:This command runs in both Powershell and the Command Prompt. If you are using Git Bash, the command you need to use is:
You can find
ssh-add
as part of the Git for Windows distribution and also run it in any shell environment on Windows.On macOS and Linux you also must have
ssh-agent
running before running ssh-add
, but the command environment on these platforms usuallytakes care of starting ssh-agent
for you.Q: I have multiple SSH keys. How do I use different SSH keys for different SSH servers or repos?
A: Generally, if you configure multiple keys for an SSH client and connect to an SSH server, the client can try the keys one at a time until the server accepts one.
However, this doesn't work with Azure DevOps for technical reasons related to the SSH protocol and how our Git SSH URLs are structured. Azure DevOps will blindly accept the first key that the client provides during authentication. If that key is invalid for the requested repo, the request will fail with the following error:
For Azure DevOps, you'll need to configure SSH to explicitly use a specific key file. One way to do this to edit your
~/.ssh/config
file (for example, /home/jamal/.ssh
or C:Usersjamal.ssh
) as follows:Q: What notifications may I receive about my SSH keys?
A: Whenever you register a new SSH Key with Azure DevOps Services, you will receive an email notification informing you that a new SSH key has been added to your account.
Q: What do I do if I believe that someone other than me is adding SSH keys on my account?
A: If you receive a notification of an SSH key being registered and you did not manually upload it to the service, your credentials may have been compromised.
The next step would be to investigate whether or not your password has been compromised. Changing your password is always a good first step to defend against this attack vector. If you’re an Azure Active Directory user, talk with your administrator to check if your account was used from an unknown source/location.